{"id":1803,"date":"2020-05-29T14:30:03","date_gmt":"2020-05-29T14:30:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chrystus.pl\/?p=1803"},"modified":"2020-05-29T14:30:03","modified_gmt":"2020-05-29T14:30:03","slug":"godzinki-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chrystus.pl\/ro\/godzinki-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Ore"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rug\u0103ciuni rostite \u00een anumite momente ale zilei \u00een diferite confesiuni cre\u0219tine.<\/p>\n

La \u00eenceputul unei c\u0103r\u021bi de ore franceze din secolul al XV-lea (MS13, Society of Antiquaries of London), deschis\u0103 pentru a ilustra \"Adora\u021bia magilor\". Dat\u0103 Societ\u0103\u021bii \u00een 1769 de c\u0103tre reverendul Charles Lyttleton, episcop de Carlisle \u0219i pre\u0219edinte al Societ\u0103\u021bii (1765-8).<\/p>\n

Godzinki s\u0105 popularn\u0105 w \u015bredniowieczu chrze\u015bcija\u0144sk\u0105 ksi\u0119g\u0105 dewocyjn\u0105. Jest to najcz\u0119stszy rodzaj zachowanego \u015bredniowiecznego r\u0119kopisu \u015bwietlnego. Jak ka\u017cdy manuskrypt, ka\u017cdy manuskrypt ksi\u0119gi godzinek jest unikalny w ten czy inny spos\u00f3b, ale wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 zawiera podobny zbi\u00f3r tekst\u00f3w, modlitw i psalm\u00f3w, cz\u0119sto z odpowiednimi ozdobami, dla chrze\u015bcija\u0144skiej pobo\u017cno\u015bci. O\u015bwietlenie lub dekoracja jest minimalna w wielu przyk\u0142adach, cz\u0119sto ogranicza si\u0119 do ozdobionych du\u017cych liter na pocz\u0105tku psalm\u00f3w i innych modlitw, ale ksi\u0105\u017cki wykonane dla bogatych patron\u00f3w mog\u0105 by\u0107 niezwykle hojne, z ca\u0142ostronicowymi miniaturami. Ilustracje te \u0142\u0105czy\u0142yby w sobie malownicze sceny z \u017cycia wiejskiego z obrazami sakralnymi. Ksi\u0119gi godzinek by\u0142y zazwyczaj napisane po \u0142acinie (\u0142aci\u0144ska nazwa dla nich to horae), cho\u0107 wiele z nich jest napisanych w ca\u0142o\u015bci lub cz\u0119\u015bciowo w j\u0119zykach europejskich, zw\u0142aszcza w j\u0119zyku niderlandzkim. Angielski termin primer jest obecnie zwykle zarezerwowany dla tych ksi\u0105\u017cek, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 napisane w j\u0119zyku angielskim. Do dnia dzisiejszego zachowa\u0142y si\u0119 dziesi\u0105tki tysi\u0119cy ksi\u0105\u017cek godzinnych, w bibliotekach i prywatnych zbiorach na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie.<\/p>\n

Ora de rug\u0103ciune tipic\u0103 este o form\u0103 prescurtat\u0103 a breviarului care con\u021binea Oficiul divin recitat \u00een m\u0103n\u0103stiri. A fost elaborat pentru laicii care doreau s\u0103 includ\u0103 elemente de monahism \u00een via\u021ba lor devo\u021bional\u0103. Recitarea Orelor se concentra de obicei pe citirea multor psalmi \u0219i a altor rug\u0103ciuni. Printre exemplele tipice se num\u0103r\u0103 Calendarul s\u0103rb\u0103torilor ecleziastice, extrase din cele patru Evanghelii, lecturile de la Sf\u00e2nta Liturghie pentru s\u0103rb\u0103torile majore, Micul Oficiu al Sfintei Fecioare Maria, cei cincisprezece Psalmi ai Pa\u0219ilor \u0219i cei \u0219apte Psalmi Peniten\u021biali, Litanie<\/a> Sfin\u021bii, Oficiul mor\u021bilor \u0219i Ora Crucii.<\/p>\n

Majoritatea c\u0103r\u021bilor de ore din secolul al XV-lea au acest con\u021binut de baz\u0103. Rug\u0103ciunile mariane Obsecro te (\"Te implor\") \u0219i O Intemerata (\"O, cea ne\u00eentinat\u0103\") erau adesea ad\u0103ugate, precum \u0219i devo\u021biuni pentru a fi folosite la Liturghie \u0219i medita\u021bii asupra Patimilor, printre alte texte op\u021bionale.<\/p>\n

Chiar \u0219i acest nivel de decorare este mai bogat dec\u00e2t \u00een cazul majorit\u0103\u021bii c\u0103r\u021bilor, de\u0219i este mai pu\u021bin bogat dec\u00e2t volumele mari de iluminare din c\u0103r\u021bile de lux, care sunt cel mai des \u00eent\u00e2lnite \u00een reproduceri.<\/p>\n

Rug\u0103ciunea orei \u00ee\u0219i are originea final\u0103 \u00een Psaltire, pe care c\u0103lug\u0103rii \u0219i c\u0103lug\u0103ri\u021bele erau obliga\u021bi s\u0103 o recite. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XII-lea, aceasta s-a transformat \u00eentr-un breviar, cu cicluri s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nale de psalmi, rug\u0103ciuni, imnuri, antifoane \u0219i lecturi care se modificau \u00een func\u021bie de sezonul liturgic. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, o selec\u021bie de texte a fost produs\u0103 \u00een volume mult mai scurte \u0219i a devenit cunoscut\u0103 sub numele de Cartea de ore. \u00cen a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului al XIII-lea, Ora de rug\u0103ciune a devenit popular\u0103 ca o carte personal\u0103 de rug\u0103ciuni pentru b\u0103rba\u021bii \u0219i femeile care duceau o via\u021b\u0103 secular\u0103. Ea consta \u00eentr-o selec\u021bie de rug\u0103ciuni, psalmi, imnuri \u0219i lec\u021bii bazate pe liturgia clerical\u0103. Fiecare carte era unic\u0103 prin con\u021binutul s\u0103u, de\u0219i toate con\u021bineau Orele Fecioarei Maria, devo\u021biuni celebrate \u00een timpul celor opt ore canonice ale zilei, ceea ce a justificat denumirea de \"Rug\u0103ciunea Oaselor\".<\/p>\n

Multe c\u0103r\u021bi de ore au fost create pentru femei. Exist\u0103 unele dovezi c\u0103 uneori erau oferite ca dar de nunt\u0103 de c\u0103tre so\u021b so\u021biei sale. Acestea erau adesea transmise din familie \u00een familie, a\u0219a cum se consemneaz\u0103 \u00een testamente.<\/p>\n

De\u0219i cele mai bogat iluminate c\u0103r\u021bi de ore erau extrem de scumpe, \u00een secolul al XV-lea, o carte mic\u0103, cu iluminare mic\u0103 sau deloc, era mult mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u0219i din ce \u00een ce mai disponibil\u0103. Cel mai vechi exemplu englezesc care a supravie\u021buit a fost scris, se pare, pentru un laic care locuia \u00een Oxford sau \u00een apropiere, \u00een jurul anului 1240. Este mai mic\u0103 dec\u00e2t o carte de m\u00e2n\u0103 modern\u0103, dar este puternic iluminat\u0103, cu ini\u021biale mari, dar f\u0103r\u0103 miniaturi pe \u00eentreaga pagin\u0103. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XV-lea exist\u0103 \u0219i exemple de servitori care aveau propriile c\u0103r\u021bi de ore. \u00centr-un proces din 1500, o femeie s\u0103rac\u0103 este acuzat\u0103 c\u0103 a furat cartea de rug\u0103ciuni a unei servitoare.<\/p>\n

Foarte rar aceste c\u0103r\u021bi con\u021bineau rug\u0103ciuni compuse special pentru proprietarii lor, dar cel mai adesea textele sunt adaptate gustului sau sexului acestora, inclusiv includerea numelor lor \u00een rug\u0103ciuni. Unele dintre ele con\u021bin imagini care \u00eei \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe proprietarii lor, iar unele con\u021bin steme. Acestea, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu o selec\u021bie de sfin\u021bi comemora\u021bi \u00een calendar \u0219i selec\u021bii, sunt principalele indicii ale identit\u0103\u021bii primului proprietar. Eamon Duffy explic\u0103 modul \u00een care aceste c\u0103r\u021bi reflect\u0103 persoana care le-a comandat. El afirm\u0103 c\u0103 \"natura personal\u0103 a acestor c\u0103r\u021bi era adesea semnalat\u0103 prin includerea unor rug\u0103ciuni special compuse sau adaptate pentru proprietarii lor\". \u00cen plus, el sus\u021bine c\u0103 \"p\u00e2n\u0103 la jum\u0103tate din manuscrisele care au supravie\u021buit ale C\u0103r\u021bilor de ore au adnot\u0103ri, marginale sau ad\u0103ugiri de orice fel\". Aceste ad\u0103ugiri pot \u00eensemna doar includerea unui patronimic regional sau personal \u00een calendarul standard, dar adesea includ materiale devo\u021bionale ad\u0103ugate de proprietar. Proprietarii puteau scrie date care erau importante pentru ei, note despre lunile \u00een care s-au \u00eent\u00e2mplat lucruri pe care doreau s\u0103 \u0219i le aminteasc\u0103 \u0219i chiar imaginile g\u0103site \u00een aceste c\u0103r\u021bi erau personalizate pentru proprietari - cum ar fi sfin\u021bii locali \u0219i s\u0103rb\u0103torile locale. Cel pu\u021bin p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XV-lea, c\u0103r\u021bile cu ore erau produse \u00een atelierele olandeze \u0219i pariziene pentru a fi p\u0103strate sau distribuite, \u00een loc s\u0103 se a\u0219tepte comenzile individuale. Uneori erau l\u0103sate spa\u021bii \u00een ele pentru a ad\u0103uga elemente personalizate, cum ar fi sfin\u021bi locali sau heraldic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Stilul \u0219i aspectul c\u0103r\u021bilor de ore tradi\u021bionale au devenit din ce \u00een ce mai standardizate pe la mijlocul secolului al XIII-lea. Noul stil poate fi v\u0103zut \u00een c\u0103r\u021bile produse de iluminatorul William de Brailes din Oxford, care conducea un atelier comercial (avea comenzi mici). C\u0103r\u021bile sale includeau diverse aspecte ale breviarului bisericesc \u0219i alte aspecte liturgice pentru uzul laicilor. \"Acesta includea un calendar perpetuu, Evangheliile, rug\u0103ciuni c\u0103tre Fecioara Maria, Drumul Crucii, rug\u0103ciuni c\u0103tre Duhul Sf\u00e2nt, psalmi peniten\u021biali, litanii, rug\u0103ciuni pentru mor\u021bi \u0219i selec\u021bii pentru sfin\u021bi. Scopul c\u0103r\u021bii a fost asisten\u021b\u0103<\/a> jego pobo\u017cnej patronce w uporz\u0105dkowaniu jej codziennego \u017cycia duchowego zgodnie z o\u015bmioma godzinami kanonicznymi, Matins to Compline, przestrzeganymi przez wszystkich pobo\u017cnych cz\u0142onk\u00f3w Ko\u015bcio\u0142a. Tekst, uzupe\u0142niony o rubryki, z\u0142ocenia, miniatury i pi\u0119kne iluminacje, stara\u0142 si\u0119 pobudzi\u0107 do medytacji nad tajemnicami wiary, nad ofiar\u0105 z\u0142o\u017con\u0105 przez Chrystusa dla cz\u0142owieka i nad okropno\u015bciami piek\u0142a, a szczeg\u00f3lnie podkre\u015bli\u0107 pobo\u017cno\u015b\u0107 do Dziewicy Maryi, kt\u00f3ra w XIII wieku by\u0142a w zenicie”. Uk\u0142ad ten by\u0142 utrzymywany przez lata, poniewa\u017c wielu arystokrat\u00f3w zleca\u0142o produkcj\u0119 w\u0142asnych ksi\u0105\u017cek.<\/p>\n

Decora\u021biuni<\/p>\n

Miniatur\u0103 pe \u00eentreaga pagin\u0103 a lunii mai, din ciclul calendaristic al lui Simon Benning, \u00eenceputul secolului al XVI-lea.
\nDeoarece multe dintre c\u0103r\u021bile cu ore sunt bogat iluminate, acestea ofer\u0103 o eviden\u021b\u0103 important\u0103 a vie\u021bii din secolele XV \u0219i XVI, precum \u0219i o iconografie a cre\u0219tinismului medieval. Unele erau, de asemenea, decorate cu bijuterii, portrete \u0219i steme heraldice. Unele erau legate \u00een corsete pentru a fi transportate mai u\u0219or, de\u0219i pu\u021bine dintre aceste leg\u0103turi sau alte leg\u0103turi medievale au supravie\u021buit. C\u0103r\u021bile de lux, cum ar fi Talbot Hours ale lui John Talbot, primul conte de Shrewsbury, pot con\u021bine un portret al proprietarului sau, \u00een acest caz, al so\u021biei sale, \u00eengenuncheat\u0103 \u00een adora\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de Fecioar\u0103 \u0219i Copil, ca o form\u0103 de portret al donatorului. \u00cen c\u0103r\u021bile scumpe, ciclurile \u00een miniatur\u0103 ar\u0103tau Via\u021ba Fecioarei sau Patimile \u00een opt scene \u00eempodobind cele opt ore ale Fecioarei, iar labirinturile lunilor \u0219i semnele zodiacului \u00eempodobind calendarul. Scenele laice ale ciclurilor calendaristice includ multe dintre cele mai cunoscute imagini din c\u0103r\u021bile de ore \u0219i au jucat un rol important \u00een istoria timpurie a picturii peisagistice.<\/p>\n

U\u017cywane ksi\u0119gi godzinek by\u0142y cz\u0119sto modyfikowane dla nowych w\u0142a\u015bcicieli, nawet w\u015br\u00f3d kr\u00f3lik\u00f3w. Po pokonaniu Ryszarda III, Henryk VII przekaza\u0142 ksi\u0119g\u0119 godzinek matce Ryszarda, kt\u00f3ra zmodyfikowa\u0142a j\u0105 tak, aby zawiera\u0142a jego nazwisko. Heraldry by\u0142 zwykle wymazywany lub nadmalowywany przez nowych w\u0142a\u015bcicieli. Wielu z nich ma odr\u0119czne adnotacje, osobiste dodatki i notatki na marginesie, ale niekt\u00f3rzy nowi w\u0142a\u015bciciele zlecili te\u017c nowym rzemie\u015blnikom do\u0142\u0105czenie wi\u0119kszej ilo\u015bci ilustracji lub tekst\u00f3w. Sir Thomas Lewkenor z Trotton zatrudni\u0142 ilustratora, kt\u00f3ry doda\u0142 szczeg\u00f3\u0142y do tego, co obecnie nazywane jest Godzinami Lewkenora. Li\u015bcie niekt\u00f3rych zachowanych ksi\u0105g zawieraj\u0105 notatki z ksi\u0119gowo\u015bci domowej lub zapisy urodze\u0144 i zgon\u00f3w, na wz\u00f3r p\u00f3\u017aniejszych biblii rodzinnych. Niekt\u00f3rzy w\u0142a\u015bciciele zbierali tak\u017ce autografy godnych uwagi os\u00f3b odwiedzaj\u0105cych ich dom. Ksi\u0105\u017ceczki godzinek by\u0142y cz\u0119sto jedyn\u0105 ksi\u0105\u017ck\u0105 w domu i by\u0142y powszechnie u\u017cywane do nauki czytania przez dzieci, czasami mia\u0142y stron\u0119 z alfabetem, kt\u00f3ry mia\u0142 im w tym pom\u00f3c.<\/p>\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XV-lea, tipografii produceau c\u0103r\u021bi de ore cu ilustra\u021bii xilogravate, iar Rug\u0103ciunea orei a fost una dintre cele mai importante lucr\u0103ri decorate \u00een tehnica respectiv\u0103.<\/p>\n

Ora de rug\u0103ciune de lux<\/p>\n

Marginile bogate \u0219i iluzioniste ale acestei c\u0103r\u021bi de ore flamande de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1700 sunt tipice pentru c\u0103r\u021bile de lux din acea perioad\u0103, care erau adesea decorate pe fiecare pagin\u0103. Aripile de fluture care taie \u00een zona textului sunt un exemplu de joc cu conven\u021biile vizuale tipice perioadei.<\/p>\n

(Printre plante se num\u0103r\u0103 Veronica, Vinca, Viola tricolor, Bellis perennis \u0219i Chelidonium majus. Fluturele este Aglais urticae. Textul latin este dedicat Sf\u00e2ntului Cristofor).
\nP\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XIV-lea, Rug\u0103ciunea orelor a dep\u0103\u0219it psaltirea ca fiind cel mai frecvent vehicul pentru o iluminare generoas\u0103. Acest lucru a reflectat \u00een parte domina\u021bia cresc\u00e2nd\u0103 a miniaturilor, comandate \u0219i executate mai degrab\u0103 de laici dec\u00e2t de clerici monahi. De la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIV-lea, multe figuri regale bibliofile au \u00eenceput s\u0103 colec\u021bioneze manuscrise iluminate de lux pentru decora\u021biile lor, o mod\u0103 care s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een \u00eentreaga Europ\u0103, de la cur\u021bile Valois din Fran\u021ba \u0219i Burgundia, precum \u0219i la Praga, sub conducerea lui Carol al IV-lea, \u00eemp\u0103ratul Sf\u00e2ntului Imperiu Roman \u0219i, mai t\u00e2rziu, a lui Wenceslas. O genera\u021bie mai t\u00e2rziu, prin\u021bul Filip cel Bun de Burgundia a fost cel mai important colec\u021bionar de manuscrise, iar c\u00e2\u021biva din cercul s\u0103u au colec\u021bionat \u0219i ei. \u00cen aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, ora\u0219ele flamande au devansat Parisul ca for\u021b\u0103 principal\u0103 a iluminismului, pozi\u021bie pe care au p\u0103strat-o p\u00e2n\u0103 la declinul final al manuscrisului luminat, la \u00eenceputul secolului al XVI-lea.<\/p>\n

Cel mai faimos dintre colec\u021bionari, prin\u021bul francez Ioan, duce de Berry (1340-1416), a de\u021binut mai multe c\u0103r\u021bi de ore, dintre care unele au supravie\u021buit, inclusiv cea mai faimoas\u0103 dintre ele, Tr\u00e8s Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. Acestea au fost \u00eencepute \u00een jurul anului 1410 de fra\u021bii Limbourg, de\u0219i nu au fost finalizate de ei, iar decorarea a fost continuat\u0103 timp de c\u00e2teva decenii de al\u021bi arti\u0219ti \u0219i proprietari. Acela\u0219i lucru a fost valabil \u0219i pentru Orele Torino-Milano, care au trecut, de asemenea, \u00een proprietatea lui Berry.<\/p>\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 la jum\u0103tatea secolului al XV-lea, un grup mult mai larg de nobili \u0219i oameni de afaceri boga\u021bi puteau comanda c\u0103r\u021bi de ore foarte decorate, adesea de mici dimensiuni. Odat\u0103 cu apari\u021bia tiparului, pia\u021ba s-a restr\u00e2ns brusc, iar p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anul 1500 c\u0103r\u021bile de cea mai bun\u0103 calitate erau din nou produse doar pentru membrii familiei regale sau pentru colec\u021bionari foarte mari. Una dintre ultimele c\u0103r\u021bi mari de ore iluminate a fost cea a orelor Farnese, realizat\u0103 pentru cardinalul roman Alessandro Farnese \u00een 1546 de Giulio Clovio, care a fost \u0219i ultimul mare iluminator de manuscrise.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Modlitwy wypowiadane w okre\u015blonych porach dnia w r\u00f3\u017cnych wyznaniach chrze\u015bcija\u0144skich. Na pocz\u0105tku XV-wiecznej francuskiej ksi\u0119gi godzinek (MS13, Society of Antiquaries of London), otwartej na ilustracj\u0119 „Adoracji Mag\u00f3w”. Przekazana Towarzystwu w 1769 r. przez ks. Charlesa Lyttletona, biskupa Carlisle i prezesa Towarzystwa (1765-8). Godzinki s\u0105 popularn\u0105 w \u015bredniowieczu chrze\u015bcija\u0144sk\u0105 ksi\u0119g\u0105 dewocyjn\u0105. Jest to najcz\u0119stszy rodzaj zachowanego …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1805,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[54],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1803","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-modlitwa"],"yoast_head":"\nGodzinki - Jak si\u0119 modli\u0107 - Chrystus<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Modlitwy wypowiadane w okre\u015blonych porach dnia w r\u00f3\u017cnych wyznaniach chrze\u015bcija\u0144skich. 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